SOLVED

38) The belief that gangs emerge in socially and economically disadvantaged communities is the underlying belief of which theory? a. conflict theory b. strain theory c. status frustration theory d. differential association theory e. social bonds theory 39) Which of the following research topics reflects a critical theoretical approach? a. the school factors that influence gang emergence and membership b. the varying understandings of what it means to be a gang member c. the role of youth gangs as sources of identity and resistance for marginalized youth d. gangs as phenomena in lower socioeconomic status neighbourhoods e. all of the research topics described above reflect a critical theoretical approach 40) According to Jankowski’s (1991) ethnographic research, rejecting parental and societal values serve as which motivation for joining a gang? a. commitment to the community b. physical protection c. Recreation d. time to resist e. a place of refuge and camouflage 41) Ben says, “I joined the gang so I have someone to watch my back when I walk down the street. I’ve made a few enemies in my time, you know.” Using Jankowski’s (1991) ethnographic research, which motivation for joining a gang is Ben referring to? a. physical protection b. a place of refuge and camouflage c. material incentives d. Recreation e. a time to resist 42) Which theories do Grekul and LaBoucance-Benson (2007) combine in their analysis of Aboriginal gangs in Canada? a. social bonds; conflict; labeling b. differential association; social bonds; labeling c. differential association; self-control; conflict d. dramaturgy; general theory of crime; strain e. strain; self-control; neutralization 43) Newspapers                the gang problem, in that stories about gangs frequently include references to racial or ethnic groups. a. Stigmatize b. Factualize c. Normalize d. Racialize e. Deviantize 44) Who may benefit from the creation of moral panics about youth gangs? a. the media, by increasing their audience and thereby their profits b. law enforcement, by receiving more funding to hire more officers or create specialized gang units c. gangs themselves, by increasing their membership and power within the community d. politicians, by gaining more votes after promising to “crack down” on young offenders e. the media, law enforcement, politicians, and gangs themselves are potential beneficiaries from moral panics about gangs 45) Which of the following is a retroactive form of the social control of gangs? a. school programs that teach preschoolers basic life skills b. programs that offer free tattoo removal c. identifying youth who may be “at risk” and providing them with special programs d. integrating gang awareness programs in schools e. programs that teach children anger management 46) Which piece of youth crime legislation is governed by the concept of parens patriae? a. Young Offenders Act b. Youth Criminal Justice Act c. Juvenile Delinquents Act d. Youth Justice Renewal Initiative e. all of the above 47) Which piece of youth crime legislation is based more on child welfare principles than justice principles? a. Young Offenders Act b. Juvenile Delinquents Act c. Youth Criminal Justice Act d. Youth Justice Renewal Initiative e. none of the above