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7-41) In analysis of variance, because variance represents the average of the deviations from the mean, the calculation needs to take into account the a. personal histories of the subjects. b. sample medians from each of the different groups c. calculated value of the t statistic. d. appropriate degrees of freedom. 7-42) When researchers are looking to use a parametric analysis to assess differences among three or more groups, the __________ is often the technique of choice. a. t test b. Spearman rank order correlation c. analysis of variance d. Mann-Whitney U test 7-43) In analysis of variance, the F ratio is calculated by dividing __________ by __________. a. mean squares between-groups; mean squares across-groups b. mean squares between-groups; mean squares within-groups c. mean squares within-groups; mean squares across-groups d. mean squares within-groups; mean squares between-groups 7-44) When examining an analysis of variance summary table, “MS” corresponds to a. my sum. b. mean sum. c. measured squares. d. mean squares. 7-45) When referring to values of “p,” some computer outputs instead refer to values of a. “r.” b. “Sig.” c. “ F.” d. “Z-score.” 7-46) In using analysis of variance, an __________ refers to a test that compares three or more levels of an independent variable simultaneously, and often requires the use of post hoc comparisons. a. independent-groups t test b. a priori test c. omnibus test d. educated guess 7-47) The Scheffé, Tukey, Duncan, and Dunnett’s tests all represent examples of a. a priori analyses. b. contrast analyses. c. post hoc comparisons. d. planned comparisons. 7-48) In analysis of variance, a __________ is calculated only if a significant F is found, while a __________ can be calculated in the absence of a significant F value. a. post hoc analysis; contrast b. contrast; planned comparison c. planned comparison; post hoc analysis d. contrast; post hoc analysis 7-49) Which of the following analyses does not represent a nonparametric statistical test? a. Chi-square test b. Kruskall-Wallis H test c. Independent-groups t test d. k-sample median test 7-50) When performing a one-way analysis of variance, follow-up analyses involving post hoc comparisons often estimate effect size through the use of a. Cramér’s V. b. eta-squared. c. Spearman rank order correlation. d. Kruskall-Wallis H. 7-51) When performing a one-way analysis of variance, follow-up analyses involving post hoc comparisons often estimate effect size through the use of a. Cramér’s V. b. eta-squared. c. Spearman rank order correlation. d. Kruskall-Wallis H. 7-52) When performing nonparametric analyses of multi-level, single-factor designs, follow-up analyses often estimate effect size through the use of a. Cramér’s V. b. eta-squared. c. Spearman rank order correlation. d. Kruskall-Wallis H.