SOLVED

1) What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology? A) Physical geology is the study of fossils and sequences of rock strata; historical geology is the study of how rocks and minerals were used in the past. B) Historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and of how erosion shapes the land surface. C) Physical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and deposition in relation to plate movements in the geologic past; historical geology charts how and where the plates were moving in the past. D) None of the above—physical geology and historical geology are essentially the same. 2) ________ was the highly influential, ancient Greek philosopher noted for his writings and teachings on natural philosophy and on the workings of Earth. A) Nero B) Odysseus C) Aristotle D) Pappagapolis 3) Compared to the age of Earth accepted as correct today, how did seventeenth and eighteenth century proponents of catastrophism envision the Earth’s age? A) They believed Earth to be much older than current estimates. B) They believed it to be about the same as current estimates, give or take a few million years. C) They believed Earth to be much younger than current estimates. D) None of the above – they didn’t really address the age of Earth. 4) Which one of the following observations and inferences is consistent with the idea of uniformitarianism? A) Sand rolling along a stream bottom shows that sediment is moving downstream. B) Erupting volcanoes overlie burning, subterranean coal beds. C) Lava flows on the seafloor precipitated from seawater. D) all of the above 5) ________ was an important eighteenth century English geologist and proponent of uniformitarianism. A) Charles Lyell B) Isaac Newton C) James Hutton D) James Ussher 6) The currently accepted age of Earth is ________ years. A) 4.6 thousand B) 6.4 trillion C) 4.6 billion D) 6.4 million 7) Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition? A) Strata with fossils are generally deposited on strata with no fossils. B) Older strata generally are deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata. C) Older fossils in younger strata indicate a locally inverted geologic time scale. D) Any sedimentary deposit accumulates on older rock or sediment layers. 8) The ________ division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon. A) Paleocene B) Paleozoic C) Permian D) Proterozoic 9) The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics. A) asthenosphere B) lithosphere C) astrosphere D) eosphere 10) A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations. A) hypothesis B) generalization C) law D) theory 1