SOLVED

81) Any difference between experimental and control groups other than the independent variable is called a _______________ variable. a. dependent b. confounding c. placebo d. nocebo 82) Besides random assignment, what other component is necessary for a study to be considered an experiment? a. The presence of dependent variables b. Manipulation of an independent variable c. Random selection of participants d. Cause and effect relationships 83) The only research design that allows one to make cause-and-effect inferences is the ________ design. a. naturalistic observation b. case study c. experimental d. correlational 84) A key aspect of an experiment that is missing in other research designs is a. description of the phenomena of interest. b. random assignment. c. explanation of why a relationship exists. d. prediction of the effects of differences in variable on another. 85) A researcher wants to see whether she can make the typical administrative assistant job more motivating at Acme, Inc. To experimentally investigate this possibility, she randomly assigns administrative assistants to one of the following conditions: doing the job as it has always been done, having a computer performance monitoring device installed, receiving feedback about their performance on a weekly basis, or being given a say in how one’s workload is structured and done. Which of the preceding conditions is an example of a control group? a. Doing the job as it has always been done b. Receiving feedback on a weekly basis c. Having a computer performance monitoring device installed d. Being given a say in how one’s workload is structured and done 86) The group that receives the manipulation is called the a. experimental group. b. dependent group. c. independent group. d. control group. 87) The variable that an experimenter assesses or measures is called the a. dependent variable. b. independent variable. c. confounding variable. d. causal variable. 88) An administrator believes that the placement of motivational posters on the walls in classrooms of academic buildings will lead to increased grade-point averages at his school. To test his theory, he randomly assigns certain classrooms to have the posters while others do not within one of the academic buildings. None of the remaining four buildings on campus have any posters placed in their classrooms. What is the independent variable in this study? a. Classroom wall hangings b. Gender of the student c. Academic college d. Grade-point average 89) Medical researchers want to determine if hypnosis is better at pain control than either a sugar pill (placebo) or motivating instructions. The researcher randomly assigns participants to the three groups, and determines how long they can keep their hands in a bowl of ice water. What is the manipulated variable? a. Hypnosis b. Instructions c. Sugar pill d. Pain control group 90) Suppose a researcher wants to determine if the size of the observing crowd to some emergency situation is relevant to whether the victim will receive help. The researcher randomly assigns participants to one of three groups: no other bystanders, one other bystander, or four other bystanders. When an emergency is then staged, the researcher measures how long it takes the participant to help the victim. In this study, what is the independent variable? a. Number of bystanders b. The group with four other bystanders c. The group with one other bystander d. The group with no other bystanders