SOLVED

281. In order to promote justice and equality for all races, Rosa Parks engaged in civil disobedience by refusing to give up her seat on the bus. She exhibited the moral reasoning of which of Kohlberg’s stages? a. social contract orientation b. the morality of self-sacrifice c. “good boy-nice girl orientation” d. the stage of universal ethical principles 282. Which of the following is FALSE regarding cross-cultural research into Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning? a. Moral reasoning scores increase from adolescent through the early 30s. b. Kohlberg’s first four stages represent the early development of moral reasoning across cultures. c. Kohlberg’s last two stages represent changes experienced by some adults in some cultures. d. Adults tend to reason consistently from situation to situation. 283. Adults tend to emphasize abstract principles over specific cultural values or laws when they a. exhibit preconventional rather than conventional morality. b. exhibit conventional rather than preconventional morality. c. have been exposed to cultures and opinions that are different than their own. d. have had a strong religious background. 284. Early research on moral reasoning found that many women scored at Kohlberg’s stage ____, whereas men typically scores at stage ____. a. five; three. b. four; two. c. three; four or five. d. two; three or four. 285. According to Carol Gilligan, a. Kohlberg’s scoring system was insensitive to the females’ more cooperative emphasis on caring. b. Kohlberg’s scoring system emphasized individualistic values characteristic of men in Western cultures. c. men and women develop a dialectical mode of reasoning that recognizes the contradictions in moral problems.  d. all of these statements are true. 286. According to Carol Gilligan, a. Kohlberg’s scoring system was insensitive to the individualistic values of men in Western cultures. b. Kohlberg’s scoring system emphasized the females’ more cooperative emphasis on caring. c. men and women develop a dialectical mode of reasoning that recognizes the contradictions in moral problems.  d. all of these statements are true. 287. According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg’s scoring system for his moral dilemmas tended to emphasize ______ more than _______. a. justice; caring. b. caring; justice. c. the effect of religious training; the effect of citizenship training. d. the effect of citizenship training; the effect of religious training. 288. In a study of the moral reasoning of Mexican-American and Anglo-American men and women, the participants were presented with vignettes that had no simple solutions and four caring-oriented reasons and four justice-oriented reasons to rate. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding the findings of this study? a. Mexican-American adults gave higher ratings to reasons involving the welfare of family members. b. Both groups gave equal importance to justice-oriented reasons. c. The women in both ethnic groups gave more weight than the men to care-oriented items. d. All of these statements are true. 289. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding differences in moral reasoning? a. There are gender differences in people’s potential for thinking about justice. b. There are cultural differences in people’s potential for thinking about justice. c. Some cultures are more likely than others to integrate relationship issues into their reasons for moral actions. d. All of these statements are true. 290. _________ involves a socially-organized pattern of beliefs and practices that address the meaning of life and refer to the supernatural, that is, forces beyond the material world as we usually experience it. a. Religion b. Spirituality c. Cultism d. Multicultural relativism