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21.Most sociologists believe that if we devote nearly all our energies to hard-line responses to crime, we will continue to be plagued by high levels of crime far into the future. 22.Research shows that programs encouraging at-risk youths to stay in school and avoid trouble prevent five times as many crimes as mandatory sentencing laws. 23.Everything we know about deviance suggests that formal social controls are more effective than informal controls. 24.Crime is a random phenomenon. 25.Some people are more likely to be crime victims than others are. 26.Although only 12.8 percent of the U.S. population is African American, 28 percent of all persons arrested for index crimes in 2000 were blacks. 27.When females do become criminals, they tend to be guilty of particularly heinous crimes. 28.All other factors being equal, lower-class offenders are more likely to be arrested than non-poor offenders. 29.Serious street crimes are concentrated among the poor, but lawbreaking occurs much more frequently among the privileged classes than UCR data suggest. 30.While criminal offenders are most likely to be young, lower-income males, the victims are more likely to be white, older, and middle- to high-income. 31.In the U.S., the states that have and use the death penalty have lower murder rates than the states without the death penalty. 32.While drug use was declining in the late 1980s and early 1990s, during the same period, the arrests of adults for the sale and possession of illegal drugs doubled. 33.Law enforcement strategies are seven times more effective in reducing drug use than educational and therapeutic programs are.