SOLVED

51) Aimee has trained her horse Bosker to ‘whinny’ at the sound of a bell and has followed this with the presentation of an apple each time. Bosker seems to automatically ‘whinny’ every time he hears a bell as he expects an apple. After repeated times where Bosker hears a bell and isn’t given an apple, he no longer ‘whinnies’ at the sound of a bell. What process of conditioning is reflected in this example? a. Acquisition b. Spontaneous recovery c. Extinction d. Habituation 52) ______________ occurs when stimuli similar to an original CS elicits a response, whereas ______________ occurs when we exhibit s a less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original CS. a. Stimulus discrimination; stimulus generalization b. Stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination c. Stimulus habituation; generalization gradient d. Generalization gradient; stimulus habituation 53) Ursula was conditioned to be afraid of white rats. However, she also is now afraid of white hamsters, but does not show a fear response to white guinea pigs. Ursula’s responses best demonstrate that a. stimulus generalization has occurred. b. stimulus discrimination has occurred. c. stimulus generalization occurs along a generalization gradient. d. stimulus discrimination occurs along a discrimination gradient. 54) Andrew is a heroin addict, and he usually ‘shoots up’ at his friend Dave’s place. Following an intervention and treatment, Andrew is trying very hard to stop using heroin, but finds that when he goes over to Dave’s place, his craving for the drug is very strong. In this example, the context of taking the drug serves as a. an unconditioned response. b. higher order conditioning. c. a source of stimulus generalization. d. a form of aversive conditioning. 55) After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not _____________________ had occurred. a. behaviour modification b. stimulus discrimination c. extinction d. stimulus generalization 56) What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert’s conditioned fear? a. Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat. b. Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly. c. Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following. d. Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present. 57) What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery? a. Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished, the fear could come back. b. After his fear of loud noises was extinguished, the fear could come back. c. His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise. d. His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present. 58) Famous athletes are used to sell products using classical conditioning as a marketing strategy. If a famous athlete is used to market shoes, the famous athlete is the a. UCR. b. CR. c. UCS. d. CS. 59) Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a bell sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS–UCS linkage was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the bell sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example of a. spontaneous recovery. b. higher-order conditioning. c. stimulus generalization. d. extinction. 60) When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as a. spontaneous recovery. b. higher-order conditioning. c. stimulus generalization. d. extinction.