SOLVED

21)One of the most serious problems with nonequivalent control-group designs is that A)groups may be different at the outset on the dependent measures. B)groups may be different at the outset on the key independent variables. C)difference scores are cumbersome to use in statistical analyses. D)participant recruitment is much more difficult than it is in other types of designs. 22)The nonequivalent control-group design uses the ________ to measure how each group was affected as a result of the manipulation. A)pretest B)difference score C)posttest D)dependent variable 23)A potential problem facing nonequivalent control-group designs is that A)unequal group size may hinder the analyses. B)these designs are unethical. C)groups may differ on variables other than the dependent variable. D)these designs work better with animals than with humans. 24)The two chief problems in nonequivalent control-group designs are related to the fact that A)since the groups exist prior to the study, participants are assigned to groups in a random manner. B)participants are assigned to groups in a unbiased manner. C)there is no experimental manipulation. D)since the groups exist prior to the study, participants cannot be assigned in an unbiased manner. 25)In which of the following is comparing a pre-post difference score for experimental and control groups a typical strategy? A)All experimental studies. B)All quasi-experimental studies. C)Nonequivalent control-group designs. D)Between-subjects designs. 26)Two common confounding variables that must be controlled in a nonequivalent control-group design are A)selection and regression to the mean. B)selection and maturation. C)maturation and regression to the mean. D)sequence effects and maturation. 27)In a nonequivalent control-group design, if the experimental and control groups are equivalent on the dependent measure at pretest, concern about confounding due to ________ would be reduced. A)carry-over effects B)selection C)instrumentation D)history 28)In a nonequivalent control-group design, if the experimental and control groups are equivalent at pretest and show equivalent change over time, you might conclude that A)there is no effect of the independent variable. B)there is no effect of the dependent variable. C)the independent variable had an effect only on the experimental group. D)the independent variable had an effect only on the control group. 29)In a nonequivalent control-group design, if the experimental and control groups are equivalent at pretest and the experimental group shows a large change while the control group does NOT change from pretest to posttest, you might conclude that A)there is an effect of the independent variable. B)there is an effect of the dependent variable. C)the changes are due to selection. D)there is no effect of the independent variable 30)In a nonequivalent control-group design, if neither the experimental nor the control group change over time, you might conclude that A)there is an effect of the independent variable. B)the manipulation of the independent variable had no effect. C)the groups were not equivalent at pretest. D)