SOLVED

11) Results of several studies comparing twins that were reared apart or reared together have concluded that a. shared environments play a critical role in accounting for the variance in personalities of twins. b. environmental influences are stronger determinants of the manifestation of personality than genetics. c. nonshared environmental influences alter personality more than shared environmental influences. d. shared environment plays little or no role in adult personality. 12) Which personality trait has the lowest correlation for fraternal twins, whether reared together or reared apart? a. Aggression b. Impulse Control c. Achievement Orientation d. Emotional Well-Being 13) Which personality trait is associated with similar correlations between identical and fraternal twins, demonstrating a greater influence of nonshared environmental influences? a. Aggression b. Impulse Control c. Traditionalism d. Anxiety Proneness 14) What is one of the main conclusions from adoption research concerning the effects of genes and environment on personality? a. Being raised together doesn’t lead to much similarity in personality between parents and offspring. b. The environmental influences of the adoptive home exert a stronger influence on personality than genetic ones. c. Adopted children are more similar to their adoptive parents, but only if they were adopted prior to the age of 2. d. Personality traits of biological parents are unrelated to the personality traits of children they gave up for adoption. 15) Some studies have reported that children born later in the birth order (later-borns) are more likely to be ______________. a. Conscientious b. Achievement-oriented c. Traditionalist d. Radical thinkers 16) Molecular genetic studies suggest that there may be associations between genes that control various neurotransmitter systems and subsequent personality (i.e., dopamine and novelty seeking). However, these studies suffer from __________________ and should be interpreted with caution. a. the confirmation bias b. a lack of replication c. illusory correlations d. falsifiability 17) According to the authors, ________ is both the most respected and the most widely criticized personality theorist. a. Sigmund Freud b. Gordon Allport c. Abraham Maslow d. B. F. Skinner 18) Freud’s early beliefs that mental disorders were physiologically caused stemmed from his training as a ______________. a. neurologist b. psychologist c. psychiatrist d. physiologist 19) Initially, Freud believed that mental disorders were due to ___________ causes, but his views changed to reflect __________ causes for mental disorders following his work with hysteria patients. a. psychogenic; somatogenic b. physiological; psychological c. neurological; physiological d. psychological; neurological 20) The Freudian idea of “psychic determinism” implies that a. unconscious desires and urges drive human behaviour. b. any psychological event has an underlying cause. c. childhood experiences determine adult adjustment. d. no action is ever meaningless.