SOLVED

11) The argument that nutritional deficiencies can lead to anti-social behaviour is an example of a. a biological perspective. b. classical criminology. c. a functionalist approach. d. illegitimate opportunity theory. 12) Whereas classical criminology viewed crime in terms of “rational evil,” biological determinism viewed it as a. “positive evil.” b. “functional evil.” c. “fated evil.” d. “irrational evil.” 13) When sociologists emphasize the social, geographical, and temporal inequalities associated with access to and use of environmental resources and services, they are drawing attention to the ______ distribution of crime. a. national b. geographic c. ecological d. eco-social 14) __________ argue that most people share similar goals and values, and that when legitimate avenues to those goals are not accessible, some will resort to deviant methods to achieve them. a. Classical criminologists b. Conflict theorists c. Strain theorists d. Illegitimate opportunity theorists 15) Gilles is working on a project that examines how a group of disadvantaged students accomplishes the goal of receiving a university education through the innovative means of dealing illegal drugs to pay for their soaring tuition fees. He is drawing upon this theory of crime: a. differential association b. strain c. illegitimate opportunity d. labelling 16) Theorists from this particular approach propose that individuals must be located in a deviant “learning environment” to learn and perform the skills and abilities needed to commit crimes. a. differential association b. strain c. illegitimate opportunity d. labelling 17) __________ suggests that individuals must be present in a deviant “learning environment” that gives them the opportunity to learn and perform the skills and abilities needed to commit crimes. a. Strain theory b. Illegitimate opportunity theory c. Conflict theory d. Differential association theory 18) According to Cloward and Ohlin (1960), a __________ deviant subculture is organized around activities that produce income. a. criminal b. conflict c. rebellious d. retreatist 19) Conflict theorists call an environment that creates a fertile setting for crime or criminality, such as one with laws privileging certain groups, as a. criminogenic. b. a self-fulfilling prophecy. c. fateful. d. deterministic. 20) __________ argue that criminal law, as a social institution, is merely a tool to protect the interests of the affluent and the powerful. a. Functionalist theorists b. Classical criminologists c. Differential association theorists d. Conflict theorists