SOLVED

52) “Science” consists of a. belief systems. b. technologies. c. claims about the nature of reality. d. ethical/moral claims. e. belief systems, technologies, claims about the nature of reality, and ethical/moral claims. 53) According to bad apple theory, deviance in science exists because a. the structure within which scientists work encourages deviance b. techniques of neutralization enable deviant scientists to justify their behavior c. of low levels of self-control d. of a gap between accepted goals and legitimate means of achieving those goals. e. of similar reasons that people commit crimes—personality factors, psychological disturbance, and free choice. 54) Deviance in science a. typically results in severe sanctions. b. occurs, in part, because of the pressure to publish, according to the iceberg theory. c. is likely to be detected, because of the nature of the peer review process. d. has declined since 1980, according to recent research e. is extremely rare, due to the normative structure of science. 55) In a survey of more than 2,000 researchers, what proportion of incidents of scientific misconduct of which they were personally aware, had been reported to someone? a. approximately 90% b. approximately 66% c. approximately 50% d. approximately 33% e. approximately 10% 56) The scientific misconduct of Dr. Hwang Woo-Suk reflects a. bad apple theory. b. iceberg theory. c. post-academic science. d. junk science. e. the scientific norm that Merton called communism. 57) Which of the following has been applied in explanations of scientific misconduct? a. techniques of neutralization b. denial of injury c. strain theory d. general theory of crime e. a variety of positivist theories, including those referred to above, have been applied to explanations of scientific misconduct 58) Dr. Hwang Woo Suk claimed he had no idea that the data he was using for his work was fraudulent data. This is an example of a. denial of injury b. strain theory c. general theory of crime d. denial of responsibility e. innovation 59) In a survey of 3,200 medical researchers, approximately what proportion admitted to engaging in at least 1 of 10 “serious” forms of scientific misconduct? a. less than 1% b. 10% c. 30% d. 50% e. 80% 60) The phenomenon by which clinical drug research is done by commercial centres hired by pharmaceutical companies is know as a. the normative structure of science b. junk science c. cooking d. post-academic science e. pseudo-science 61) According to Montgomery and Oliver’s (2009) analysis of the changing institutional logics governing the regulation of scientific misconduct, what was the governing logic prior to 1975? a. coercive measures to punish b. coercive measures to prevent c. promoting research integrity d. educational seminars for university researchers e. science as self-regulating