SOLVED

31)Causality can be inferred from A)experimental research. B)differential research.  C)correlational research. D)naturalistic research. 32)In experimental designs, the researcher A)assigns participants to conditions based on participants’ pre-existing characteristics. B)manipulates the conditions. C)studies a single group or condition. D)computes the direction and strength of relationships among variables. 33)The cohort effect can lead to substantial confounding in A)correlational research using a cross-sectional design. B)differential research using a cross-sectional design. C)longitudinal research designs. D)time-series research designs. 34)Time-series designs A)are variations of longitudinal designs. B)are cross-sectional designs. C)are the opposite of longitudinal designs. D)cannot be longitudinal designs. 35)The main drawback of a longitudinal design is A)the cohort effect. B)the amount of time to complete the study. C)that variables are easily confounded. D)that it is not particularly useful in measuring variables over time. 36)A major difference between differential and experimental research is that, A)in experimental research, the independent variable is not manipulated. B)in differential research, the independent variable is manipulated. C)in differential research, only the dependent variable is manipulated. D)in experimental research, the independent variable is manipulated. 37)Artifactual findings are a result of A)overconstraint. B)confounding. C)scientific methodology. D)real differences in participants’ behavior. 38)A researcher studies the relationship between political attitudes and income. The researcher finds that those with higher income are more conservative. The most likely confounding variable is A)income. B)age. C)weight. D)health status. 39)A researcher studies the relationship between political attitudes and income. The researcher finds that those with higher income are more conservative. However, income tends to vary with age (i.e. the older one is the higher the income on average). The results of the study are A)scientifically proven. B)valid. C)confounded. D)an example of an ex post facto fallacy. 40)A researcher studies the relationship between political attitudes and income. The researcher had to conduct telephone interviews with higher income participants while interviews with lower income participants were conducted in person. The researcher finds that those with higher income are more conservative. The results of the study are A)scientifically proven. B)valid. C)possibly confounded. D)an example of an ex post facto fallacy. Â