SOLVED

4-41) __________ data are sometimes referred to as “categorical data.” a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio 4-42) Bobby’s basketball coach has the team stand from shortest to tallest so that he can get a sense of how his team might be affected by the height of the players. If the coach has the team count-off from the shortest to tallest, what kind of measurement scale would this best represent? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio 4-43) A(n) __________ scale has all of the properties of an interval scale, but, unlike an interval scale, it has an __________. a. ordinal; absolute zero point b. ordinal; arbitrary zero point c. ratio; absolute zero point d. ratio; arbitrary zero point 4-44) Dr. Cortez is carrying out an experiment dealing with the effects of caffeine on learning. His independent variable consists of two groups of college students, where one group receives 10mg of caffeine, and the other group receives 30mg of caffeine. The dependent variable consists of the frequency of items recalled correctly from a previously memorized word list. In this case, Dr. Cortez is hoping to find a. systematic variance from the extraneous variables. b. nonsystematic variance from the independent variable. c. systematic variance from the independent variable. d. none of the above 4-45) A major source of error variance in a study is often due to a. the independent variable. b. systematic variance. c. individual differences among subjects. d. carefully controlled factors being manipulated. 4-46) In general, when designing studies, researchers hope to __________ systematic variance based on the independent variable, and __________ error variance. a. maximize; maximize b. minimize; maximize c. maximize; minimize d. minimize; minimize 4-47) Tracey is concerned that the questionnaire that she designed might not produce similar results when administered to the same individuals at different times. Consequently, she administers this survey to the same group of individuals two times, with a 4-month separation in between. Given this description, it appears that Tracey is concerned about her survey’s a. reliability. b. validity. c. absolute zero point. d. appearance. 4-48) Brittany is conducting a study in the area of developmental psychology where she is videotaping children as they engage in play. In order to be sure that different observers are classifying play behaviors in the same way, she trains her observers thoroughly, and then compares the observers’ independent ratings of play behavior as they watch the recordings of the children. It would appear that Brittany is assessing the a. degree to which these tapes mimic “real-world” play behavior. b. validity of her measures. c. interobserver reliability of the observations. d. ethical implications of the study. 4-49) The simplest approach used to assess whether a procedure really measures what it intends to measure is known as a. interobserver reliability. b. face validity. c. systematic variance. d. the sessions total method. 4-50) A useful measure in science should be both __________, or consistent, and __________, or truthful. a. systematic; nonsystematic b. quantitative; qualitative c. discrete; continuous d. reliable; valid