SOLVED

8-31) One of the biggest disadvantages of using within-subjects designs is that they a. tend to cost more than between-subjects designs. b. may not be able to control for long-term carryover effects. c. typically require more subjects relative to a between-subjects design. d. tend to have lower statistical power compared to between-subjects designs. 8-32) James is conducting a within-subjects research design and he is concerned that his subjects may discover the purpose of the research because they are exposed to more than one condition of the study. Therefore, it appears that James is concerned that his study might be confounded by a. participant bias. b. subject mortality. c. statistical regression. d. the use of a Latin square design. 8-33) In general, ABBA reverse counterbalancing is only useful when the order effects are a. linear. b. nonlinear. c. curvilinear. d. studied within a between-subjects research design. 8-34) If a researcher suspects that a study contains strong carryover effects, block randomization and Latin square designs should not be used because they a. only provide for incomplete balancing. b. only work in between-subjects designs. c. are not scientific. d. are “old fashioned” techniques that are no longer used. 8-35) If carryover effects are stronger for certain sequences of treatments relative to other sequences, the study suffers from the problem of a. statistical regression. b. subject mortality. c. asymmetric transfer. d. participant bias. 8-36) Professor Shapiro is conducting a within-subjects experiment with two treatment conditions, A and B. He is finding that subjects are displaying a carryover effect from treatment A to B, but that there is no carryover effect from B to A. It appears that Professor Shapiro is experiencing the problem of a. subject mortality. b. asymmetric transfer. c. participant bias. d. statistical regression. 8-37) When statistically analyzing the results of a within-subjects research design, researchers can take advantage of the fact that subjects’ performance across the different levels of the independent variable is likely to be correlated. This correlation is taken into account in the analysis in order to a. increase statistical power. b. create a more sensitive test. c. assess individual differences among subjects. d. all of the above 8-38) Most of the error variance in psychological research can be attributed to a. sloppy designs carried out by inexperienced researchers. b. unknown errors embedded deep within statistical analysis software. c. individual differences among subjects. d. the fact that most research subjects are paid for their participation. 8-39) Variability resulting from individual differences among research subjects is referred to as a. systematic variance. b. error variance. c. analysis of variance. d. none of the above 8-40) In general, when our research data are measured on a nominal or ordinal scale, we tend to use __________ analyses. a. parametric b. nonparametric c. within-subjects d. between-subjects