SOLVED

131) According to Aaron Beck, depression is often caused by a. poor interpersonal skills. b. negative beliefs and expectations. c. a lack of positive reinforcement for one’s behaviour. d. biological or genetic influences. 132) Which of the following is not part of Beck’s cognitive triad of depressed thinking? a. Negative views of oneself b. Negative views of others c. Negative views of one’s experiences d. Negative views of the future 133) Russell has had bouts of mild depression for years, yet tends to display a more accurate view of his circumstances and recognizes factors such as job stress, rejection, and change, which lead to his depressive episodes. Russell’s thoughts represent a phenomenon called a. illusory control. b. overgeneralization. c. learned helplessness. d. depressive realism. 134) Which of the following examples demonstrates what the cognitive model means when it discusses selective abstraction? a. Nicholette who believes that she will be more likely to win a gamble if she tosses the dice than if someone else does b. Manuel who believes that it is better to be overly modest than appear to be a braggart c. Ruth who chooses to focus on one instance where she gave an incorrect answer in class as the reason why she feels alienated and like an outsider in all her classes d. Rick who believes that if his girlfriend breaks up with him, there is nothing he will be able to do to make himself feel better 135) According to the cognitive model of depression, one’s negative beliefs develop as the result of a. failure and rejection. b. deficient levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. c. excessive levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. d. the loss of positive reinforcement. 136) A counterintuitive research finding involving depression is that a. depressed people assume they have more control over the outcome of events than do nondepressed people. b. depressed people have a more accurate view of circumstances than do nondepressed people. c. nondepressed people are less attentive to reality than are depressed people. d. nondepressed people have a more accurate view of circumstances than do depressed people. 137) Lily is concerned that her roommate Sachie is feeling overwhelmed by being a first-year student at a large university. Sachie often explains her academic difficulties and failures as being due to ________ factors. a. internal, specific, and unstable b. internal, global, and unstable c. internal, global, and stable d. external, specific, and unstable 138) Mr. Evans feels that no matter what he does, he will be unable to convince his boss that he deserves a promotion. He also feels that it doesn’t matter who his boss is, he still would not receive a promotion. These feelings represent what Martin Seligmann called a. learned helplessness. b. depressive realism. c. illusory control. d. overgeneralization. 139) In class, a psychology professor states that learned helplessness causes persons to make attributions that are internally focused, global in nature, and stable. A student who demonstrates critical thinking would raise his or her hand and remind the professor that a. such a claim is unfalsifiable. b. the research needs to still be replicated. c. correlation does not equal causation. d. extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. 140) The results of studies investigating the role of biological factors suggest that depression is caused by a. decreased levels of various neurotransmitters. b. exposure to stressful life events. c. both A and B. d. neither A nor B.