51)Which of the following is an important consideration in the robustness of many statistical tests? A)Equal sample sizes. B)Normality of the sample. C)Randomness of the sample. D)Demographics of the sample. 52)The conclusion that most parametric statistics are robust to violations of most of their assumptions is based on a series of computer simulations studies known as A)Monte Carlo studies. B)Las Vegas studies. C)the Jacquard method. D)the Mann-Whitney studies. 53)In which category is ANOVA properly classified? A)Nonparametric statistics. B)Parametric statistics. C)Descriptive statistics. D)Inferential and nonparametric statistics. 54)Which of the following is NOT a type of secondary analysis? A)Ex post facto analyses. B)Post hoc analyses. C)Explanatory analyses. D)Data snooping. 55)What is the primary value of post hoc tests? A)They tell us that at least one mean is significantly different from at least one other mean. B)They tell us which means are significantly different from which other means. C)They reduce the total number of statistical tests necessary. D)They help us in selecting the appropriate statistical analysis. 56)It is often the case that secondary analyses may far outnumber the primary analyses in A)experimental research studies. B)higher-constraint research studies. C)lower-constraint research studies. D)research on vision. 57)What type of secondary analyses should be included in the report of any research project, regardless of its level of constraint? A)Analyses associated with “data snooping.” B)Only secondary analyses that help explain the results. C)All post hoc analyses. D)Descriptive statistics on the demographic characteristics of the sample. 58)Data snooping is most useful in A)large-scale, lower constraint studies. B)small-scale, experimental studies. C)all higher constraint research. D)tightly controlled and meticulously executed research designs. 59)When an underlying assumption of an inferential statistical test can be violated without threatening the validity of the conclusion, the statistical test is said to be A)hardy in all conditions. B)robust to violations of the assumption. C)inappropriate for use. D)meaningless. 60)Most parametric statistics are ________ violations of assumptions about population distributions. A)sensitive to B)ignorant of C)robust to D)redolent of Â