SOLVED

111) Fred is afraid of spiders. He won’t even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred’s avoidance of spiders is being a. extinguished, because he feels anxious after doing so. b. recovered spontaneously, because he will never get better. c. positively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down. d. negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down. 112) What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response? a. Punishment b. Positive reinforcement c. Negative reinforcement d. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement 113) Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son’s face and yells at the top of their lungs “Shut up!” He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story? a. Extinction—he feels anxious after doing so. b. Spontaneous recovery—he will never get better. c. Positive reinforcement—he is rewarded by his anxiety going down. d. Negative reinforcement—he is rewarded by his anxiety going down. 114) Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son’s face and yells at the top of their lungs “Shut up!” He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story? a. The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son’s screaming. b. The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage; their child’s screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to remain married. c. The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming. d. Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. 115) A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as a. punishment. b. negative reinforcement. c. extinction. d. positive reinforcement. 116) Nicky tends to bite his nails when he becomes nervous because it calms him down. Nicky’s behaviour is an example of a. classical conditioning. b. shaping. c. generalization. d. negative reinforcement. 117) Punishment can be defined as a. any consequence presented after behaviour that increases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring. b. any consequence presented before behaviour that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring. c. any consequence presented after behaviour that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring. d. any consequence presented before behaviour that increases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring. 118) Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? a. Giving a child candy for completing their homework b. Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules c. Allowing students homework passes if they work hard during class d. Removing a child’s chores when he or she complete homework 119) Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of behaviour reoccurring? a. Negative reinforcement b. Positive reinforcement c. Punishment d. Fixed ratio reinforcement 120) Wearing shorts on a hot summer day is a behaviour that is established by way of a. punishment. b. positive reinforcement. c. classical conditioning. d. negative reinforcement.