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121. Ward and Overton asked 11-year-olds, 14-year-olds, and 17 year-olds to complete a series of “four card” problems. Half of the problems had information-rule pairs that were highly meaningful, whereas the other problems had pairs that did not make as much sense. They found that a. older children did better on these tasks than the younger ones. b. even 17-year-olds frequently failed these problems. c. that children found it easier to solve the meaningful problems even though the structure was the same on both types of problems. d. all of these were findings of the study. 122. Piaget studied the type of human mental processing a. known as heuristics. b. that is a slow, conscious system that deliberately applies rules to solve problems. c. that is a quick, largely unconscious system that rapidly interprets information in light of prior experiences. d. known as the dual processing model. 123. Common sense strategies or rules of thumb that are often useful but do not guarantee an optimal solution are called a. heuristics. b. algorithms. c. metacognitions. d. hypothetico-deductive reasoning. 124. Jasmine’s teacher tells the class that a survey shows that 85 percent of students surveyed prefer a computer-based math class over a lecture one. However, later in the cafeteria, two of Jasmine’s friends tell her that they took the computer-based math class last year and hated it. If Jasmine signs up for the lecture class based on her friends’ opinions, she has made her decision based on a. heuristics. b. analytic processing. c. metacognitions. d. hypothetico-deductive reasoning. 125. The ________ model is a model of decision-making that includes an analytical processing system and an experiential processing system. a. heuristic b. Piagetian c. hypothetico-deductive d. dual-processing 126. The dual processing model is a model of decision-making that includes a(n)_________ system and a(n) ________ system. a. analytical processing; experiential processing b. convergent; divergent c. heuristic; experienced-based d. concrete operational; formal operational 127. Analytical processing a. is formal, logical thought. b. is relatively slow. c. often places a large burden on mental resources. d. is characterized by all of these. 128. Analytical processing a. is an intuitive system. b. utilizes heuristics. c. often places a large burden on mental resources. d. is characterized by all of these. 129. ________ is the type of decision-making one uses most often in everyday life and involves judgment biases and heuristics to make decisions relatively quickly and automatically. a. Analytical processing b. Experiential processing c. Hypothetico-deductive reasoning d. Formal propositional logic 130. Experiential processing a. is an intuitive system. b. utilizes heuristics. c. is the type of reasoning used in everyday life. d. is characterized by all of these.