SOLVED

41) ________ provide criminal offenders with the means to deny responsibility for their behaviour. a. Techniques of neutralization b. Reaction formation c. Conduct norms d. Anomie e. Focal concerns 42) ________ is considered to be a way to deal with transient problems in living. a. Moral enterprise b. Penal couple c. Primary deviance d. Secondary deviance e. Reintegrative shaming 43) _________________ is a term that defines efforts of a particular interest group to have its sense of propriety enacted into law. a. Reintegrative shaming b. Secondary deviance c. Primary deviance d. Tagging e. Moral enterprise 44) According to ________, crime is the consequence of social pressures to involve oneself in violations of the law, as well as of failure to resist such pressures. a. labelling theory b. environmental criminology c. social control theory d. learning theory e. containment theory 45) Rather than stressing causative factors in criminal behaviour, ________ tend to ask why people actually obey rules instead of breaking them. a. social control theories b. subcultural theory c. strain theory d. differential association e. labelling theory 46) During his research, Walter C. Reckless realized that most sociological theories, although conceptually enlightening, offered less than perfect _______________, being unable to predict which individuals (even those exposed to various “causes” of crime) would become criminal. a. predictability b. tagging coordinates c. stigmatic shaming d. reintegrative shaming e. probability algorithms 47) Regarding _____________, Travis Hirschi cited the psychopath as an example of a kind of person whose attachment to society is nearly non-existent. a. reintegrative shaming b. labelling c. stigmatic shaming d. public humiliation e. attachment 48) ________________ is an approach to understanding crime that draws attention to the ways people develop over the course of their lives. a. Authority conflict theories b. Life course theories c. Evolutionary ecology d. Social control theories e. Social capital theories 49) Differential association theory was developed by ________. a. Travis Hirschi b. Edwin Sutherland c. Robert Agnew d. Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck e. Edwin Lemert 50) The specific direction of motives and drives, according to Sutherland’s nine principles of differential association, is ___________ from definitions of the legal codes as favourable or unfavourable. a. expressed b. prioritized c. frequented d. intensified e. learned