SOLVED

51.  Diana’s mother greets a stranger with a smiling face and a cheery “Hello.” Consequently, Diana is more positive toward the stranger. The term that best describes this situation is: a. synchrony b. social adaptation c. social referencing d. guided participation 52. Emotional signals, usually from a child’s parents, that influence the child’s behavior are referred to as: a. social adaptation cues b. social referencing c. synchrony d. scaffolding 53.  A toddler bumps his head on a table and then looks at the mother’s reaction before getting upset. This example best demonstrates the principle of: a. social referencing b. autonomy c. overdependence d. prosocial behavior 54. Studies of the Kung San culture described in the text showed that parents in this culture pay a great deal of attention to their infants’ sharing of objects, but pay very little attention to their infants’ exploration of objects. This study is cited to demonstrate the point that: a. synchrony develops naturally in every culture b. collectivist cultures emphasize the development of sharing over self-oriented behaviors c. attachment is significantly influenced by how children are punished and rewarded d. the development of autonomy occurs earlier in collectivist cultures 5 Erik Erikson believed that the second critical developmental challenge experienced by toddlers centers on the development of: a. autonomy vs. shame and doubt b. trust vs. mistrust c. inferiority vs. superiority d. integrity vs. despair 56. A mother lets her toddler pick out which shirt he wants to wear to the playground, rather than insisting that he wear a particular shirt she chooses for him. This type of behavior encourages the development of: a. empathy b. autonomy c. narcissism d. shame and doubt 57. When 2-year-old Shania says to her father, “Me do it!” she is expressing the sense of which of the following developmental processes? a. development of stranger anxiety b. development of trust c. development of mistrust d. development of autonomy 58. According to Erik Erikson’s view of child development, which of the following children would most likely have recently resolved their initial developmental conflict between autonomy and shame and doubt: a. Alex, who is 12 months old b. Julia, who is 2 ½ years old c. Marc, who just had his 4th birthday d. Devon, who is age 6 59. Which of the following children would likely have the easiest time developing a healthy sense of autonomy? a. Jim, who is experiencing a high level of stranger anxiety b. Bob, who is very securely attached to his mother c. Rex, who is not securely attached to his mother d. Tom, who has learned to be mistrustful of his caregivers 60. According to Freud, if toilet training is begun too early or is too strict, the child is at greater risk for developing: a. an Oedipal complex b. phobias c. an anal fixation d. an introverted personality