SOLVED

51. According to Carol Gilligan, boys are more likely to base moral reasoning on principles involving ________, whereas girls are more likely to rely on principles emphasizing ________. a. punishment; reward b. reward; punishment c. justice; caring d. caring; justice 52. Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a boy, rather than a girl? a. She broke the rules and she got what she deserved. b. The punishment should be lenient because she has to take care of her children. c. She should not be punished because she was trying to help. d. She should be punished because she didn’t care about what happened to the other people. 53. Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a girl, rather than a boy? a. He knew what the rule was and he broke it, so he should be punished. b. If everyone was excused for bad behavior, all we would have is bad behavior. c. He was trying to the right thing, so he should receive no punishment. d. He is usually right, so he is probably right this time too. 54. According to the text, gender differences in moral reasoning begin to emerge: a. in the first year of life b. when children first enter school and have to contend with discipline c. at about age 9 to 12 d. only after they reach the postconventional stage of moral reasoning 55. In evaluating Carol Gilligan’s contributions to theories that explain moral development, it would be most accurate to note that her primary contribution was to emphasize the role of: a. punishment b. reward c. parents d. culture 56. As children move from early childhood into middle childhood, they become _____ likely to share secrets with parents and ______ likely to share secrets with friends. a. more; less b. less; more c. more; more d. less; less 57. What research method did Robert Selman use to study the friendships of children? a. case studies of children with no friends b. case studies of children with lots of friends c. questionnaires asking children to respond to stories about relationships d. naturalistic observation 58. The research method used by Robert Selman in his study of friendship development was most similar to that used by which of the following people? a. Jean Piaget b. Sigmund Freud c. Mary Ainsworth d. Lawrence Kohlberg 5 According to Robert Selman’s theory of friendship development, the first stage of friendship is based on: a. trust b. reciprocity c. give-and-take d. physical or geographical considerations 60. According to Robert Selman’s stage view of friendship development, children in which stage are most likely to define their friends based on geographical considerations? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4