SOLVED

9.2 Nonexperimental Approaches 1)________ studies are commonly used procedures, but are NOT experiments. A)Randomized, posttest-only, control-group B)Factorial design C)Post hoc D)Ex post facto 2)The conclusions reached by ex post facto designs are A)scientifically valid, because all confounding variables are controlled. B)not scientifically valid, although all confounding variables are controlled. C)not scientifically valid, because confounding variables are not controlled. D)scientifically valid, because all extraneous variables are controlled. 3)A researcher measures prisoners on physical abuse and notices high levels. He then concludes that abuse leads people to commit crimes. This is an example of an ex post facto design. These conclusions are A)scientifically valid, because confounding variables are controlled. B)not scientifically valid, although all confounding variables are controlled. C)not scientifically valid, because confounding variables are not controlled. D)scientifically valid, because all extraneous variables are controlled. 4)Ex post facto designs are useful in A)testing causal hypotheses. B)proving causal hypotheses. C)eliminating rival hypotheses. D)generating causal hypotheses. 5)The design in which a researcher observes current behaviour and attempts to relate it causally to earlier factors is a(n) A)single-group, posttest-only design. B)ad hoc design. C)ex post facto design. D)single-group, pretest-posttest design. 6)A researcher measures prisoners on childhood physical abuse and notices high levels of abuse. He then concludes that abuse leads people to commit crimes. This is an example of a(n) A)single-group, pretest-posttest design. B)single-group, posttest-only design. C)ad hoc design. D)ex post facto design. 7)A researcher wants to look at the effects of “stress endurance treatment” on self-esteem in cancer patients. The researcher has 50 cancer patients attend “stress endurance treatment” sessions once a week. At the end of the 8-week treatment, participants are measured on self-esteem. This is an example of a(n) A)ex post facto design. B)ad hoc design. C)single-group, posttest-only design. D)longitudinal design. 8)Why are ex post facto studies weak? A)Too few participants are used. B)They require so long to run that responses are no longer representative. C)Independent variables cannot be manipulated. D)Response variables cannot be measured. 9)Ex post facto studies A)can tell us nothing. B)have value in testing causal hypotheses. C)have value in generating causal hypotheses. D)are the only studies possible in clinical settings. 10)The single-group, posttest-only design A)cannot be used in human research. B)is one of the strongest designs possible. C)is weak because there is no manipulation of a variable. D)