SOLVED

31.The enormous economic power of the Western media virtually assures that influences will originate there and flow outward to the rest of the world. This has been referred to as:  a.postmodernism.c.cultural imperialism. b.the trophy effect.d.collective consciousness. 32.Research has clearly established that the more television people watch, the more __________ their gender role attitudes. a.liberalb.condemning c.conservatived.radical 33.Hollywood executives defend themselves against charges of sexism by saying that: a.female roles simply reflect male fantasies and must appeal to a male audience in order to turn a profit. b.surveys reveal that the female roles being shown are what both males and females prefer. c. their films are only a reflection of the reality to be found in the society. d.they are working diligently to change the portrayals of females in films. 34.The French sociologist Jean Baudrillard coined the term __________ to refer to the fact that, in his view, most people in postmodern societies and especially the United States seem to experience simulated reality on television as somehow more authentic than real life. a.postmodernismc.cultural relativity b.hyperrealityd.culture clash 35.According to the text’s discussion of the relationship of sports and the media: a.sports and the media are symbiotic; however, sports need the media more than the media need sports. b.the flow of media dollars has played a crucial role in players’skyrocketing salaries. c.numerous rule changes have been made to accommodate commercial breaks. d.all of the above 36.Which of the following rules in sport has NOT been a direct result of media influence? a.sudden-death tie breakersc.the 3-point shot b.the ceremonial coin tossd.the shot clock 37.According to the text’s discussion of the relationship between sport and aggression: a.some forms of physical exercise can apparently reduce aggressiveness among participants. b.violence is learned through observing other people being rewarded for their aggressive behavior, and this is true for both watching and playing sports. c.the gender roles that male athletes learn generally emphasize toughness, a denial of empathy, and dominance, which are clearly compatible with sexual assault. d.all of the above 38.Which of the following is/are (a) reason(s) that sports were desegregated earlier than other sectors of American life? a.The competitive nature of sports means that there will be strong support for nondiscrimination if blacks can help their teams win. b.Performance in sports can be precisely and objectively measured. c.Success on the field does not require that teammates be friends. d.all of the above 39.__________ is a practice whereby minorities are disproportionately assigned to non-central positions which are low in outcome control and leadership responsibility. a.Stratifyingc.Layering b.Stackingd.Dumping 40.While the participation of women in college sports has more than doubled since the 1970s, their proportionate share of the college budget is considerably lower than the amount spent on male athletics. Which of the following is the typical explanation for this disparity? a.Fans aren’t as interested in the female athletic events. b.The equipment for women’s sports is not as expensive. c.The intercollegiate leagues that females play in are smaller. d.Football and men’s basketball bring in more revenue for the schools. 41.According to the text, one outcome of the collapse of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) and the resulting entry of women’s sports into the NCAA is that: a.women’s sports are becoming as violent as men’s. b.the percentage of female coaches has declined, from virtually 100% to 48%. c.male coaches and administrators have improved the quality of women’s sports by making them more ‘masculine’. d.female coaches are now earning the same salaries as male coaches earn. 42.According to the text’s discussion of women’s collegiate sports: a.in the early 1970s, virtually all women’s teams were coached by women; by 1990, the figure had fallen to 48%. b.female coaches typically earn only about half the salaries received by their male counterparts. c.in 1972, over 90% of women’s sports programs were administered by women; in 1994, only 21% still were. d.all of the above 43.According to the text’s discussion of censorship and the media: a.the government has rarely directly acted as a censor, because most of the media have voluntarily developed their own rating systems. b.critics point out that the voluntary rating systems are not popular with parents. c.the voluntary rating systems don’t work well because businesses like movie theaters don’t know how commercially successful a film will be until after they’ve run it. d.all of the above