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11. The two basic types of structured economic inequality are __________ systems, which are        heavily based on ascribed traits; and __________ systems, which are heavily based on        achieved traits. a.closed; openc.open; closed b.class; casted.open; caste 12.The supposedly “open” system of stratification in the United States is not completely open because: a.the gap between the rich and the poor is impossible for the poor to breach. b.since the system in the U.S. is based primarily on ascribed traits, there is nothing to be done about which strata of the system one belongs in. c.elite parents use their wealth and power to increase their children’s chance of future success. d.all of the above 13.Nancy Davis has identified three general ways in which her students respond when they are first exposed to the realities of social stratification. Which of the following is NOT one of these ways? a.resistancec.denial b.acceptanced.rage 14.Which of the following accurately describes the theory referred to as Kuznets Curve? a.Inequality steadily decreases as societies develop until they reach the industrialized stage. b.Inequality mounts steadily as societies develop until they pass through the early phases of the industrial revolution, at which point it tends to decline. c.Equality steadily increases as societies develop until they reach the early phases of industrialization, at which point it decreases rapidly. d.Slavery is common in societies prior to industrialization, at which point it begins to disappear. 15.Which of the following characterizes the hunting and gathering society? a.high levels of structured social inequality b.highly stratified, including slavery c.open and nearly classless d.all of the above 16.According to the Lenskis, significant social stratification first emerged in __________ societies. a.hunting and gatheringc.agrarian b.pastorald.horticultural 17.Which of the following items would Gerhard and Jean Lenski especially focus on as a major social force that changes society? a.the farm tractorc.the spirit of capitalism b.the ways people share valuesd.the emergence of political leaders 18.A caste system is: a.social stratification based on achievement. b.social stratification based on ascription. c.a meritocracy. d.every system where a majority dominates a minority. 19.Economic inequality declines in industrial societies because: a.an industrial economy requires more highly educated workers to operate its increasingly sophisticated machinery. b.as more and more surplus is amassed by the society, the distribution tends to become more equal. c.as workers become more suburbanized, their ability to organize decreases. d.all of the above 20.According to the text’s discussion of industrial societies: a.these societies are characterized by class systems. b.Downward mobility from the extreme upper class and upward mobility from the very bottom remain uncommon, even in industrial societies. c.The lines between the classes in the middle become blurred, and awareness of class distinctions tends to decline. d.all of the above