11. If a child experiences repeated failures during the period of middle childhood, Erikson believes that the likely consequence would be the development of a sense of: a. mistrust b. stagnation c. loneliness d. inferiority 12. Andy is in his middle childhood years. Despite his efforts to do well in school, he failed two subjects and was held back a year. According to Erikson, if Andy is allowed to continue to fail, he is at risk for developing a sense of: a. shame and doubt b. stagnation c. isolation d. inferiority 13. Which of the following psychologists viewed middle childhood as involving a conflict between industry vs. inferiority? a. Piaget b. Kohlberg c. Erikson d. Freud 14. According to Erikson, what is the psychosocial conflict of middle childhood? a. autonomy versus shame and doubt b. industry versus inferiority c. trust versus mistrust d. identity versus identity confusion 15. Your ability to see yourself as someone with positive characteristics defines: a. self-esteem b. self-image c. self-confidence d. self-concept 16. Melanie is always commenting on how she is not as smart as other people and how she is not good at anything in particular. Melanie likely suffers from which of the following? a. moral realism b. low self-esteem c. moral relativism d. high self-concept 17. The major difference between the terms self-concept and self-esteem is that self-esteem includes which of the following? a. a sense of who you are b. a sense of how good (or bad) you are c. a sense of where you came from d. a sense of what you can do 18. Luke views himself negatively, believing that he is not very smart, that he is not good at sports or music, and that other children don’t like to play with him. Psychologists would describe Luke as having: a. low self-esteem b. a poor sense of industry c. a “type B†personality d. depression 1 Laurie is a child whose self-esteem develops as follows: the better she does, the more positively she thinks about herself, which leads her to try harder and do even better. Laurie’s self-esteem development highlights which of the following characteristics about self-esteem development? a. It is easier for girls than boys. b. It is a reciprocal process. c. It depends on context. d. It becomes more complex as children grow older. 20. If a child is having a great deal of trouble learning to read, and if you wanted to encourage him in the development of positive self-esteem, the best way you might do this is to: a. punish him when he makes reading mistakes b. make sure he works on his reading homework before he is allowed to do something more fun c. keep telling him he is a good reader, even though he isn’t d. have him get involved in something he is good at, such as music or sports