SOLVED

11) Which of the following results from relaxation of the postcapillary sphincters in shock? A) Diffuse intravascular coagulation B) Melena C) “Washout” of microemboli and lactic acid D) Septicemia 12) Which of the following is defined as the volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat? A) Stroke volume B) Ventricular capacitance C) Cardiac output D) Afterload 13) A fracture of the femur may result in a hematoma that contains enough blood to make it a Class ________ hemorrhage. A) I B) III C) IV D) II 14) Your patient is a 45-year-old male who has received several stab wounds to the chest and abdomen. Although bleeding was significant at first, the rate of bleeding had slowed considerably before your arrival. The patient is agitated and confused, pale, diaphoretic, and cool to the touch. He lacks a radial pulse, and his carotid pulse is weak and rapid. Respirations are 28 and shallow. Which of the following is certain with this patient? A) He is in irreversible shock. B) He is in decompensated shock. C) He is in compensated shock. D) None of the above is certain. 15) Your patient has a possible pelvic fracture from a frontal motor vehicle collision. She has a blood pressure of 78 by palpation, has a heart rate of 130, and responds only to painful stimuli. Before you arrived BLS providers immobilized the patient to a long backboard. Which of the following should you do next? A) Apply PASG B) Initiate rapid transport C) Perform a rapid trauma assessment D) Start a large-bore IV of lactated Ringer’s solution 16) Peripheral vascular resistance (afterload) is measured as which of the following? A) Pulse pressure B) Mean arterial pressure C) Hydrostatic pressure D) Oncotic pressure 17) Which of the following substances has the most rapid effect when compensating for hemorrhage? A) Glucocorticoids B) Catecholamines C) Antidiuretic hormone D) Angiotensin II 18) Which of the following is the preferred in-hospital fluid for resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock? A) Fresh frozen plasma B) Lactated Ringer’s C) Whole blood D) Normal saline 19) Which of the following best describes the importance of oxygen in cellular metabolism? A) It prevents pyruvic acid from being converted to lactic acid. B) It prevents the formation of pyruvic acid in the Krebs cycle. C) It is necessary for glycolysis. D) It limits the overproduction of energy in the citric acid cycle. 20) When cells become hypoxic and the amount of carbon dioxide in them increases, reducing tissue pH, which of the following occurs to restore homeostasis? A) Mast cells release serotonin, resulting in dilation of the capillary sphincters and an increase in tissue perfusion. B) Mast cells release histamine, resulting in dilation of capillary sphincters and an increase in tissue perfusion. C) The sympathetic nervous system constricts the capillary sphincters to prevent washout of the accumulated lactic acid. D) The precapillary sphincters open, increasing blood flow to the tissues. The postcapillary sphincters remain closed so that increased hydrostatic pressure forces lactic acid into the interstitial fluid, where it is buffered.