SOLVED

131) A key aspect of scientific skepticism is a. reliance on authority. b. narrow-mindedness. c. dogmatic belief. d. critical thinking. 132) Which philosopher suggested a useful theory had to be falsifiable? a. Karl Popper b. William Occam c. Aristotle d. Plato 133) Critical thinking should involve a. a tendency to be skeptical of all claims. b. close-mindedness about claims and the evidence that supports them. c. a set of skills for evaluating claims in an open-minded and careful manner. d. skepticism of any scientific theory unless there is no disconfirming evidence. 134) Suppose Dr. Honeydew is proposing a theory of attraction that posits that “Opposites Attract.” Most of the available evidence suggests that “Birds of a Feather Flock Together” (i.e., similarities attract) rather than opposites attract. For his theory to be accepted by the scientific community, Dr. Honeydew will need to a. adhere to the principle of parsimony in his theoretical explanation. b. supply extraordinary evidence to support his extraordinary claim. c. construct a falsifiable theory of attraction. d. demonstrate the replicability of his initial findings. 135) A great amount of evidence is needed to support a claim that is a. false. b. true. c. new. d. extraordinary. 136) Which philosopher proposed that extraordinary claims required more evidence to support than usual? a. Aristotle b. Kant c. Plato d. Hume 137) Hume is to “extraordinary claims” as _______ is to parsimony. a. Aristotle b. Plato c. Occam d. Kant 138) All of the following are the key principles of critical thinking used throughout your text except a. Oberg’s dictum. b. falsifiability. c. ruling out rival hypotheses. d. replicability. 139) Dr. Cunningham finds that people who take herbal supplements that profess to improve memory scored, on average, 15% higher on a memory test relative to groups who did not take herbal supplements or placebos. However, other researchers have tried to study this effect and have not duplicated his findings. What principle of critical thinking does this example demonstrate the importance of? a. Falsifiability b. Occam’s razor c. Replicability d. Extraordinary claims 140) Dr. Martian claimed that aliens are real and have been performing mind experiments on humans for years. Which of the following principles of critical thinking is most applicable to his claim? a. Replicability b. Occam’s razor c. Extraordinary claims d. Falsifiability