SOLVED

21. Dr. Jamison argues that the most critical part of parenting during the first year depends on how the infant is fed. She argues that if the feeding ritual is disturbing to the infant in any way, the infant will develop a personality that focuses on oral habits, such as nail-biting and cigarette smoking. Dr. Jamison’s views are closest to those espoused by: a. Erik Erikson b. Mary Ainsworth c. John Bowlby d. Sigmund Freud 22. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the relationship between feeding and comforting behaviors and the development of trusting relationships in infancy? a. Cultural differences in feeding and comforting are quite wide, but children in all cultures can develop trusting relationships with parents. b. There are almost no differences among cultures in how competent adults feed and comfort infants, although differences in child-care techniques do emerge during the infant’s second year of life. c. In cultures in which children are weaned late and they are treated as helpless infants for an extended period of time, children are more likely to develop trusting relationships with adults. d. In cultures in which children are weaned early and they are expected to be independent at early ages, children are more likely to develop trusting relationships with adults. 23. The text describes a study in Italy in which mothers and other family members were observed as they cared for infants. In particular, the authors noted that Italian children were often teased by family members. The point of describing this study was that: a. teasing causes lasting harm to the positive emotional development of children b. teasing should be considered a form of child abuse c. children seem to develop normal trusting relationships with adults, even when they are teased, so long as they are well cared for in other ways d. Italian mothers perform very few of the child-care duties assigned to mothers in the United States, and their children therefore grow up to be much more independent 24. Which of the following is most likely to provide the most positive outcome for young children? a. when they experience almost no distrust in their early relationships with adults b. when they experience both trust and distrust in early relationships, but trust predominates c. when they experience both trust and distrust in early relationships, but distrust predominates d. when they experience an almost equal balance of trust and distrust in their early relationships with adults 2 Dr. Arquette is concerned that an infant he is treating does not appear to have established any emotional bonds between herself and the adults who care for her. She shows no affection toward her mother, she stiffens up whenever her mother picks her up or sings to her, and she does not show any interest in looking at her mother’s face. Dr. Arquette’s concern relates to this little girl’s development of: a. personality b. emotionality c. temperament d. attachment 26. Suppose you read about a research study in which babies are taken by their mothers to a waiting room, where they are met by a stranger. After the baby has begun to play with some toys on the floor, the mother leaves the room, and the stranger observes how the baby responds. This situation describes the research technique called: a. the strange-situation test b. the still-face test c. the loneliness scenario d. the attachment dilemma 27. According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment in which a strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver develops because of responsive caregiving is called: a. avoidant attachment b. secure attachment c. resistant attachment d. dependent attachment 28. According to the results of Mary Ainsworth’s studies, about what percent of children raised in the United States experience secure attachment relationships with their caregivers? a. 20-30% b. 40-50% c. 60-70% d. 80-90% 29. According to the results of Mary Ainsworth’s studies, about what percent of children raised in the United States experience insecure attachment relationships with their caregivers? a. 5-10% b. 10-20% c. 30-40% d. 50-60% 30. According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment which typically results from inconsistent or unresponsive caregiving is called: a. difficult attachment b. insecure attachment c. anxious attachment d. dependent attachment