SOLVED

61) Which of the following is found in science but not in pseudoscience? a. The presence of difficult-to-understand jargon or technical information b. Reliance on anecdotal evidence to support one’s theory of human behaviour c. Amazing, counterintuitive claims d. Self-correction of incorrect hypotheses and theories 62) One evening, when he couldn’t sleep, Mr. Bradley turned on the television and saw an infomercial for a new sleep aid. As a critical thinker, Mr. Bradley should be most cautious about this new product if a. the product had been subjected to an experimental study and the scrutiny of a peer-review process. b. the results of research connect the efficacy of the sleep-aid to other widely accepted scientific findings. c. its makers discuss the scientific investigations that have compared it to other effective sleep aids rather than relying on testimonials of those with insomnia. d. its makers claim it has been “proven” to induce sleep in one-third the time of competing sleep aids. 63) What is an important limitation of anecdotal evidence in developing scientifically sound treatments or procedures? a. Anecdotes are extremely difficult for others to verify. b. Anecdotes cannot help to establish cause-effect relationships. c. Anecdotes do not address the issue of representativeness of the cases. d. All of the above are important limitations of the usefulness of anecdotal evidence. 64) Which principle of critical thinking does anecdotal evidence fail to address? a. Falsifiable claims about the phenomena b. Ruling out rival or alternative explanations c. Generalisability to the population d. Parsimonious explanation of the phenomena 65) Which warning sign of pseudoscience does not address rival hypotheses? a. Exaggerated claims b. Anecdotes c. Self-correction d. Peer review 66) A great amount of evidence is required whenever one makes a. use of highly technical terms and information. b. an exaggerated or extraordinary claim. c. a correlation among variables. d. a causal link among variables. 67) According to the authors, one reason to be wary of programs that promise to teach you speed reading techniques in return for money is that such claims do not fit with the available data on information processing and memory. This is consistent with the pseudoscience sin known as a. evasion of peer review. b. psychobabble. c. exaggerated claims. d. absence of connectivity. 68) Using needlessly technical language to explain phenomena refers to a. evasion of peer review. b. psychobabble. c. exaggerated claims. d. absence of connectivity. 69) “I couldn’t finish my test because I was caught in a shame vortex which led to a guilt spiral.” This explanation of behaviour is best described as a. evasion of peer review. b. psychobabble. c. exaggerated claims. d. absence of connectivity. 70) Which of the following was not mentioned as a source of erroneous thinking? a. Cognitive factors b. Self-esteem c. Scientific illiteracy d. Motivational factors